An Arctic Railroad

An overview of the Railroad Retirement program.

In the 1930s, amidst concern about the ability of existing pension programs to provide former railroad workers with adequate assistance in old age, Congress established a national Railroad Retirement system. This system is primarily administered by the Railroad Retirement Board (RRB), which is an independent federal agency charged with providing benefits to eligible employees of the railroad in...

An Astral specification for a railroad controller

It is generally accepted that development of requirement models for real-time systems beneets from formal speciications. In order to be able to evaluate notations for use in the development of real-time software systems, we are performing a comparative review of some selected speciication notations. The study emphasizes the use of the notations in the domain of real-time (control) applications....

Railroad Transportation

Trespassing on the Railroad

Greater than half of all the fatal injuries on United States railroads are sustained by trespassers. The paper provides a statistical analysis of the demographics of trespassers, the activities they were engaged in, and the causes of injury. It also analyzes trends over time. The paper finds that the risks of injury and death are particularly acute for males in their 20s and 30s. The annual cas...

Evolution of the Arctic Calanus complex: an Arctic marine avocado?

Before man hunted the large baleen whales to near extinction by the end of the nineteenth century, Arctic ecosystems were strongly influenced by these large predators. Their main prey were zooplankton, among which the calanoid copepod species of the genus Calanus, long considered key elements of polar marine ecosystems, are particularly abundant. These herbivorous zooplankters display a range o...